Identification of Gram Negative Bacteria - 1650 Words

Identification of Gram Negative Bacteria (Lab Report Sample) Content: Identification of Gram Negative BacteriaLaboratory ReportNameModuleDateAbstractThe main objective of this experiment was to distinguish between Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae cultures. The system of distinguishing the two involved using morphological characteristics and biochemical tests. Morphological characteristics that were exhibited in this experiment were colony characteristics and motility. E. coli colonies were found to have rough margins while those of K. pneumonia had smooth edges. E. coli lacked the capability to utilize citrate under anaerobic conditions. The ability of bacteria to develop resistance to antibiotics was highlighted. The main reason for the emerging mutations and consequent resistance to drugs is the overuse of antibiotics. It was agreed that the best method to tell the two species apart was by using quick methods such as motility. Other methods such as citrate utilization are expensive and not capable of delivering producible re sults.Identification of Gram Negative Bacteria.Laboratory Report.BackgroundThe main difference between gram- positive and gram- negative bacteria is there appearance below the light microscope after performing the gram staining procedure. At X100 magnification with the aid of immersion oil, gram -positive bacteria appear to dark blue due to the crystal violet stain. Gram- negative bacteria on will appear red because they take up the safranin counter stain. The primary principle behind these differences is due to the difference in the thickness of the peptidoglycan layer of these bacteria (Claus, 1992). Gram- positive bacteria have a thicker peptidoglycan layer and are therefore able to retain the crystal violet stain once washed with ethyl alcohol. Gram- negative bacteria have a thinner peptidoglycan layer that cannot withstand a wash by ethyl alcohol. When safranin is applied to both groups, the Gram- positive bacteria will not take it up because its peptidoglycan is already satura ted with crystal violet. On the other hand, the gram- negative bacteria will readily take up the counter stain because the primary stain (crystal Violet) was washed off with ethyl alcohol.Due to the importance associated with their identification, it is crucial that students acquire skills necessary for telling apart these bacterial groupings. Students ought to learn how to use various biochemical tests to identify gram- negative bacteria to the species level. More often than not, it requires a lot of practice to acquire such skills. A misidentification of a gram- negative species can turn fatal or ineffective in the event that the doctor prescribes specific antibiotics following a false laboratory finding. Experiments such as this one are fundamental in imparting basic laboratory skills. Students also gain first -hand experience unlike when they read these tests in books. In this regard, it is important that students learn about the biochemical tests that are currently in use durin g the identification of gram- negative bacteria species. This particular experiment encompasses a set of biochemical tests that distinguish between various gram- negative bacteria such as Glucose Oxidation Function, indole utilization, and citrate utilization. Other features used to tell apart gram -negative bacteria include morphology, anaerobic growth and colony characteristics.Materials and MethodsMaterials 1 Cultures- Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumonia, Moraxella as a control and young peptone water cultures for motility tests. 2 Oxidase strips 3 Sterile toothpicks 4 Reagents for MR and VP tests 5 Peptone water 6 Urea agar slopes 7 Kligler iron agar 8 Simmons citrate medium and sterile saline 9 Ornithine and lysine decarboxylase medium and base broth + sterile paraffin 10 Indole reagent and filter paper strips. Identification tables for bacteria.TEST E.coli K. pneumoniae Colony featuresNA/HBAMCAAnaerobic growth O2, 370C, 24 hours (Conditions)Large coloniesIrregular margin sOpaqueFlatGlossy/ shinyO2, 37OC, 24 hours (conditions)LargePinkFlatYes O2, 37oC, 24 hoursLarge coloniesSmooth marginsTransparentElevatedO2, 37OC, 24 hoursComparatively largerpinkLighter centerNot tested. Gram morphology Gram- negative rods Gram- negative rods Glucose OFAcidic aerobicallyacidic anaerobicallyenergy metabolism PositivePositiveanaerobic oxidase No color change No color change Motility yes no Indole productionConventional testRapid spot test Positive Negative Citrate utilization negative positive KliglerAcid from glucoseAcid from lactoseGas productionH2s production PositivePositivePositiveNegative PositivePositivePositivenegative Urease negative positive Methy red(pH2) Positive Negative Voges- proskauer(acetoin production) positive Negative Lysine decarboxylase positive Negative Ornithine decarboxylase Positive Negative The results above show the numerous tests that are used to distinguish between E. coli and K. pneoumoniae. One cannot distinguish between the two using a simple gram staining procedure because they are all gram- negative. When growing on NA or HBA, an interested party can distinguish the two in that E. coli has flat colonies while those of K. pneumonia are elevated. When growing on MCA, it will be impossible to distinguish between the two according to the findings of this particular study. When growing in young peptone water, E.coli cells are capable of motility while those of K. pneumoniae are non- motile.Biochemical tests in which E.coli tests positive while K. pneumoniae test negative are as follows. Ornithine decarboxylase, lysine decarboxylase, Voges- proskauer (acetoin production), Methyl red (pH2) and indole production. The following list comprises of the biochemical tests in which K. pneumoniae tested positive and E.coli tested negative. Urease and Citrate utilization.DiscussionWhen E.coli cells are put in young peptone water, they appear to be motile when an observation is made under high power magnification. E. coli cell s are able to move because they can develop filaments on their sides (Maki et. al, 2000). Comparatively, K. pneumoniae does not have the capability of developing filaments hence the lack of motility. Filamentous cells of E.coli are produced when the bacterium is in an environment that inhibits growth such as in the presence of antibiotics. The filamentous cells are chemotactically attracted or brepelled by different substances. When in the presence of a chemo- attractant, filaments respond by prolonged running towards it. When faced with a chemo- repellant, the filaments exercise prolonged stopping to reduce any chances of injury to the cell. Apart from the filamentous cells, all E.coli cells have six flagella to propel them in any direction. When the flagella rotate anticlockwise, the form a bundle on one end and push the cell forward (run). When rotating in the clockwise direction, flagella on each end pull in the opposite direction making the cell to tumble.Unlike K. pneumonia, E . coli is usually unable to utilize citrate in the presence of oxygen (Evo.ed, 2015). However, under aerobic conditio...

War on Drugs is War on Democracy Essay - 1286 Words

The voters of California succeeded in passing a proposition to legalize the medicinal use of marijuana as prescribed by doctors. The passing of Proposition 215 seemed to symbolize a promising trend toward knowledge of the substance. However, after reading an article by Eric Schlosser in the April issue of Atlantic Monthly, I have been shocked with the reality of what is occurring elsewhere. Many of us are aware of the idiocy of our legal system treating marijuana offenders worse than violent criminals. I doubt, however, that many Americans are truly conscious of how some peoples lives have been shattered because of current practices in the so-called drug war. Now, about 15 years since its beginning, the war on drugs has become a†¦show more content†¦Legislation for the bill was hastily pushed through Congress, inspired by the recent passing of a standout basketball player and first-round draft pick of the Boston Celtics. Len Bias died on June 17, 1986 due to heart failure caused by crack cocaine. In drafting the bill, the prime factor for necessitating a mandatory minimum sentence was the quantity of drugs involved in the crime. As Eric Sterling, then assistant counsel for the House Subcommittee of Crime, states, Numbers were being picked out of thin air. Less than three months after being drafted, the bill was signed by President Reagan. One result of this legislation was the conviction of Donald Clark, a watermelon farmer in Florida found guilty of growing marijuana. He was sentenced to probation by the state court, then re-tried five years later under federal law and sentenced to life in prison. In addition to severe incarceration penalties, the government may also seize all possessions without due process. In 1994, $1.5 billion worth of assets were seized during routine searches under the guise of lawful forfeiture. (In 80 percent of those cases, the owners were never even charged with a crime.) If these facts shock you, the next ones will make you sick. The allure for seizing property is that the assets are divided among the various law enforcement agencies involved who can then sell those assets for profit. Thirty-one drug agents raided theShow MoreRelatedEssay Obstacles That Weaken Democracy 1652 Words   |  7 PagesDemocracy is defined as a government that is governed by the people, where the supreme power is in the hands of the people and is exercised through a system of representation done through free elections. It is easily defined and understood, but the true test is to follow through the people’s expectations and be capable to overcome obstacles a democracy might face. 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Peta - 2376 Words

PETA Kassie White-Simmons U.S. Government – POL 110 Instructor, Dr. McCue December 3, 2012 Strayer University PETA Define an interest group, with examples. The interest group that I will discuss in this paper is the one of the most well-known animal rights groups in the world; People for the ethical treatment of animals, commonly known as, PETA. Founded in March 1980 by Newkirk and fellow animal rights activist Alex Pacheco, the organization first caught the publics attention in the summer of 1981 during what became known as the Silver Spring monkeys case, a widely publicized dispute about experiments conducted on 17 macaque monkeys inside the Institute of Behavioral Research in Silver Spring, Maryland. The group first came to†¦show more content†¦Newkirk told Salon in 2001 that PETA works toward the ideal, but tries in the meantime to provide carrot-and-stick incentives. There has also been criticism from feminists within the movement about the use of scantily clad women in PETAs anti-fur campaigns, and criticism in general that the groups media stunts trivialize animal rights. Newkirks view is that PETA has a duty to be press sluts. Outside the movement, the confrontational nature of PETAs campaigns has caused concern, as has the estimated 85% of animals it euthanizes. PETA was further criticized in 2005 by United States Senator Jim Inhofe for having given grants several years earlier to Animal Liberation Front (ALF) and Earth Liberation Front (ELF) activists, two groups that the Federal Bureau of Investigation has identified as agents of domestic terrorism. 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Clothing Market And The DotCom Impact Essay free essay sample

Dressing Market And The Dot.Com Impact Essay, Research Paper The vesture retail concern is ever seeking to maintain gait with ever-changing manner tendencies of the clip. The industry is comprised of a ferocious competitory market, which is composed of big ironss ( ex. the Gap ) , little independent retail merchants ( ex. Pink dress shop in Carytown ) , and of the emerging dot.com e-tailers..such as delias.com. With? Generation Y? now come ining as a consumer section, the manner trends span across a really wide spectrum. With many engineering savvy consumers in the present, retail merchants are scrambling to happen new ways to run into their demands. Consumers are presented with legion options as to what manners of vesture are available, and where to purchase them. Due to the big presence of rivals in this market, consumers therefore have more discretion over which concern they patronize, doing client satisfaction critical to the endurance of a concern. We will write a custom essay sample on Clothing Market And The DotCom Impact Essay or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page In order to accomplish this client satisfaction, many retail merchants have turned to the cyberspace for support. In fact, most large retail merchants, such as the Gap, Neiman Marcus, and the Limited, have branched out their concern in the signifier of a web site. In add-on, many practical companies ( a.k.a. Dot.com? s ) without a brick-and-mortar foundation have sprung up within the last three old ages, therefore going known as e-tailors. Traditional brick-and-mortar retail merchants that have launched into internet as well are besides supplying clients with specific manner way ( Gallanis 4 ) . Even more noteworthy are the Dot.com? s, who are doing their presence known. To understand the Dot.Com? s ability to pull consumer attending, you should be cognizant of the services they offer. They provide service value because they provide descriptions of the vesture on manus, and give other helpful information such as size charts. The web sites have references where consumers can get off inquiries excessively, or in some instances have unrecorded representatives that can straight chew the fat with the client. Most legitimate e-tailers besides have a return policy, so the client can return their purchase if they aren? T satisfied. As Jonathan Morris, executive vice-president of Bluefly.com provinces, ? The cyberspace offers an advantage over traditional brick-and-mortar retail merchants. On the cyberspace, merchandisers have the chance to fall in the purchase determination at the point of purchase? ( qtd. in Clark 76 ) . lt ; /p > Consumers have new chances as good with Dot.Com? s. Another characteristic of Dot.Com? s that is deriving popularity and assisting the cyberspace addition a bridgehead in the market, is that Dot.Com? s offer convenience value. The lone attempt a client has to do to make the ware is directing their web browser to the web site! Some sites, in fact, such as delias.com, barely publicize at all. Delia? s is a adolescent manner company that started out of a garage in Brooklyn, N.Y, and turned into a successful catalog-order company. Three old ages ago, the company decided to concentrate its concern on the cyberspace. Stephen Kahn, CEO of trade name dress at Delia? s provinces? Online offers us a wholly new chance: to convey childs together in one space. ? ( Kahn and Ebenkamp 32 ) His statement is clearly reinforced by Delia? s gross revenues figures. Miller and Kahn study that with virtually no advertisement, the shopfronts have attracted over 100,000 purchasers and more than 5,000 catalog petitions each twenty-four hours. They go on to province that 85 % of Delia? s gross now comes from e-tailing ( p32 ) . What so, is the hereafter of e-tailing? I believe that every bit far as the manner market is concerned, the manner Dot.Com? s will go on to boom. Delia? s draws the bulk of its net income from its web site, which indicates to me that its clients would prefer shopping on-line so through their catalog. I have purchased vesture from delias.com, it was speedy and really convenient. As a client myself, I would hold to state that every bit long as the web site is easy to voyage, that concern stands an first-class opportunity of turning into a recognizable constitution in the manner universe. As our society becomes even more engineering witting, big retail merchants will hold well-established web sites to vie in the practical vesture market. As e-business becomes more prevailing in our civilization, I believe that there will be an overall addition in the Dot.Com sector of the manner market. The lone consumers with whom the Dot.Com? s will probably neer do a sale to are the technophobes, or people who fear or dislike engineering. This group will non dwell of really high Numberss and its deficiency of concern will non harm e-tailing. The bottom line, what I predict the industry will look like in five old ages is this: It will go on to boom, merely so we? ll have a solid, established option of traveling to the store..e-shopping!